This house design represents our best expression to date of the kind of work we most like to do -- Northwest Romantic Modernism. That is, a contemporary architecture particularly appropriate to the Pacific Northwest that combines the warmth and generosity of the Craftsman style, the freedom and inventiveness with form, detailing and materials of modernism, and our usual repertoire of healthier, energy- and resource-conserving design approaches. We have our open-minded and adventurous clients -- Tim and Jennifer Williams -- to thank for this opportunity.
The initial design brief called for adding a second story to a '60s ranch house smack in the middle of an unexpectedly wonderful site on a cul-de-sac in suburban Redmond. After exploring several options for the second story, it became clear that any design approach that corrected the major flaws of the existing house -- a dark living room on the north side, and lack of space for both husband and wife to work at home -- involved pretty much starting from scratch. Modifying the existing house, we opined, would only be throwing good money after bad. Our clients would have spent a substantial amount of money and would still have a dark living room. We presented a rough sketch of a completely new house on the site to show what would be possible. After some soul-searching, our clients decided to proceed with this new, more expensive but ultimately more satisfying direction.
Our main interest, then, became the play of light. We placed the house along the north side of the lot, and so opened up a sunny private level “campo” to the south -- a great place for their young son to play. This outdoor room is enclosed on the north side by the house, on the west by an arm of mature incense cedars, and on the south by a neighboring house. To the north of the house we maintained the ferny woodland quality of the site, adding stepped paths.
Major rooms line the south side of the house, all with windows on at least two sides, while service spaces and stairway form a bar along the north side of the house. In section, the two main volumes of the house each have their own shed roof. Between them, a continuous row of clerestories let in light from the north.
The open plan of the main floor moves from noisy and public (the kitchen) at the east, street end to quiet and private (the inglenook) on the west, back yard end. A double-height atrium separates the dining room from the living room. The atrium, in addition to bringing daylight into the middle of the house, accommodates overflow seating for guests at formal music recitals, while allowing the living room itself to remain on a more intimate day-to-day scale, sized for conversation. Translucent Shoji-screen-like Kalwall is mulled with high-performance windows in a Mondrian pattern, screening and directing views. Up two steps, and with a lower ceiling, the inglenook with gas fireplace provides a cozy retreat. The inglenook seats can be made into two single beds for guests -- hence the adjacent powder room.
The stairs and hallway on the second floor are made of open ipé decking, allowing light to filter through. A bridge, also decking, connects the master suite with the children's wing on the second floor across the atrium, and provides a landing for the elevator. The elevator will allow continued full use of the house as the owners age.
In earlier versions of the design, the office and music room were in a low one-story building set into the slope along the south setback line. Our clients' evolving ideas of how they might use the house over time suggested the extra space would not be needed, and we moved those uses into the main house. A front, spare bedroom became the music room, and the office moved into the basement, sharing a room with the pool table.
Each room upstairs has access through French doors to second-floor decks. Direct summer sun on the decks is moderated by trellises overhead, which also create plays of shadows. A bridge from the master bedroom deck lands on the upper level of the site, providing easy access to the organic vegetable gardens.
The house does not have many “gee whiz” elements that proclaim “this is a green design.” We like that. Rather, the environmental friendliness of the house is a result of many small, considered decisions that address a broad range of sustainable design ideas:
Settlement Ecology
home office for both husband and wife.
building on an already developed site not far from Redmond town center, close to services.
porous paving used in the driveway for occasional parking space for a second car.
single-and-a-half car garage has a smaller presence on the street, has room for a minivan and a motorcycle.
food-grade metal roof designed to facilitate rainwater collection.
Energy Conservation
advanced framing (studs 24" on center, plan in modules of two feet) saves energy (higher proportion of insulation to wood in walls)
extensive daylighting
sun tempering reduces heating energy required in shoulder seasons (but requires sun control shading in summer, curtains in winter at night)
natural ventilation through stack effect
main roof sloped to south for future photovoltaic panels (not quite cost-effective yet)
solar domestic hot water boost
94% efficient boiler with radiators (less expensive and more responsive than in-floor radiant heat)
two air-to-air heat exchangers, one of each “wing” of the house
air-tightening reduces exfiltration
Resource Conservation
advanced framing also uses about 25% less wood than conventional framing
FSC-certified framing lumber and plywood
salvage or FSC-certified interior trim
HardiPanel and HardiPlank exterior siding (saves cedar)
FSC-certified Brazilian cherry floors
sustainably harvested cork in basement office
durable and inexpensive slate in atrium
cabinets reclaimed from existing house used in laundry and basement
reclaimed 4x6s from existing house used for trellises
sheetrock corners at windows eliminates trim
exposed clear-finished 2x12 framing and plywood sheathing of roof is decorative as well as structural
GFX waste water heat recovery
43% fly ash in foundation concrete
dual-flush 1.6/0.8 gpf toilets
full-line job site recycling
A Healthier Life
low toxic paints and coatings through-out
cabinets made from formaldehyde-free, FSC-certified plywood
HEPA air filtration built into air-to-air heat exchangers
lots of sunlight is healthy in the Northwest!
We Could Have Done Better If...
... we had been able to make the house smaller. At a little over 4,000 square feet including the garage, the house is not huge for a three bedroom plus study, three bath house, but still does not satisfy an important criterion of low impact design -- small size. Program requirements drove the size. The basement, for example, needed to accommodate a regulation-size pool table. The main floor had to have room for a grand piano plus thirty seated guests for formal music recitals. The master bedroom is big enough for a king-sized bed plus room for a “sidecar” for co-sleeping.
... the reduction in size of the house had reduced the cost. Construction is currently on hold due to final prices coming in about where we expected, but higher than desired. $240 per square foot (for the house and sitework) was not unreasonable for the quality specified, but the total including landscaping is still more than our clients wanted to spend at the time. Rather than decrease the quality or eliminate elements of the program, they plan to build the house when finances allow them to build it as designed.
...we had improved energy efficiency. As it is the house satisfies the new Washington State Energy Code, but doesn't exceed it to the extent most of our other projects do. We investigated various strategies for improving the envelope, but short of reducing glazing -- which was unacceptable to our clients -- we found other ideas had overlong returns on investment. We suspect performance will be better than modeled due to air-tightening techniques, the heat exchangers, and sun tempering.
Owners:Jennifer and Tim Williams RHA Project Team:Rob Harrison AIA, Christoph Kruger AIA, Chuck Johnson Assoc. AIA, Jonas Weber, Valerie Wersinger Landscape:Linnea Ferrell Structural Engineering: Blaze Bresko, Swenson Say Faget Mechanical & Energy: Jonathan Heller, Ecotope Geotechnical: Jim Doolittle, GeoSpectrum Envelope:David Rousseau, Archemy Ltd.